The identifiable risk factors that might cause cancer can be categorized under two heads – Modifiable and Non-Modifiable. Genetic factors come under the second category. But why and how genes are related to cancer formation and spread? Let us discuss the topic in brief.
Genetic changes, which are responsible for cancer, are either inherited or develop in response to certain environmental issues. These changes can also take place if any errors occur in times of cell division.
Genes control the mechanism of cell growth and multiplication. Cells are the unit of any living body. Each cell carries a copy of genes unique to every human/animal. Genes are components of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that have genetic instructions to make a particular protein or multiple proteins. Scientists have identified hundreds of genetic changes (also known as mutations, alterations or variations) that contribute to cancer formation, growth and spread.
Genetic changes that cause cancer can happen because:
- Frequent mistakes in DNA occur as cells multiply
- Our exposure to environmental carcinogens changes our DNA. These carcinogens could be UV rays from the sun, human papillomavirus (HPV), tobacco smoke and many more.
- These could transmit from parents to children.
DNA changes, whether induced by carcinogens or random mistakes during cell divisions, can happen anytime in our life and even in embryonic stages. Most genetic changes are not harmful. However, sometimes genetic changes that have been occurring for years can trigger malignancy in healthy cells. The probability of DNA mutation becoming cancer is slim and can only happen as a result of the continued process over time.
Genetic Test for Cancer Risk Assessment – A Viable Option?
Researchers have found some genetic tests can successfully assess if your cells have inherited or registered any genetic changes that might enhance the risk of cancer. Usually a sample of blood is collected for such genetic testing but it can be performed on skin cells or saliva too.
Genetic testing can assess cancer risk if someone has a history of breast or ovary cancer. Not all need genetic testing for cancer risk assessment. If you have a family history of cancer, consult an oncologist. The physician can decide if you really need to undergo such tests and if yes, at which age you should do that.